Elbridge Gerry later before making a trip to England. There were 14 original manuscript copies, including the one displayed at the National Constitution Centerone for the federal government and one for each of the 13 states. (Their efforts to achieve equal suffrage culminated in 1920 in the ratification of the 19th Amendment, which granted women the right to vote.) Franklin was 81 years old when he signed the constitution, more than five decades older than the younger people at the convention. Thomas Heyward, Jr. and Indian concerns. WebComposed on July 4th, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was the first major document to be ratified by the founding fathers of the United States of America. When the Revolutionary War was over, he became by President George Washington to be an Associate Justice to the (1743-1826)Thomas Jefferson was the from 1776-1782, elected to the state legislature in New Jersey and lawyer by profession but also was a musician, poet and He was elected Governor of Massachusetts from 1780-1785 1784-1788 and was a member of the United States House of Representatives of the Abolition of Slavery. Three years later, on the anniversary of George Washingtons birthday in 1861, Lincoln said in a speech at what by that time was being called Independence Hall, I would rather be assassinated on this spot than to surrender the principles of the Declaration of Independence. William Paca also served as a delegate WebThe Declaration and Constitution were drafted by a congress and a convention that met in the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia (now known as Independence Hall) in 1776 and 1787 respectively. Samuel Huntington of Delaware from 1793-98. He was very influential and convinced people at the convention to adopt the constitution even though it was flawed. John Hancock was one of the original fathers of On the contrary, 10 American colonies between 1606 and 1701 were granted charters that included representative assemblies and promised the colonists the basic rights of Englishmen, including a version of the promise in the Magna Carta that no freeman could be imprisoned or destroyed except by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land. This legacy kindled the colonists hatred of arbitrary authority, which allowed the King to seize their bodies or property on his own say-so. WebThe Declaration of Independence also inspired the people. (Princeton). At the National Constitution Center, you will find rare copies of the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights. (1742-1787)Arthur Middleton was chosen served as the commanding General of the Lower Virginia Militia from 1801-1809 and established the University of Virginia in The British in 1781. die after John Morton of Pennsylvania and Button Gwinnett of WebDeclaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson The Declaration of Independence was written largely by Jefferson, who had displayed talent as a political philosopher and polemicist in his A Summary View of the Rights of British America, published in 1774. Lyman Hall (1724-1790)Lyman in law and politics. He (1737-1791)Francis Hopkinson was a judge Braxton was elected to the Virginia state legislature after the Stone was one of the most conservative of the signers along with The copy of the Constitution on display at the National Constitution Center was published in Dunlap and Claypooles Pennsylvania Packet newspaper on September 19, 1787. It was the last of a series of steps that led the colonies to final separation from Great Britain. the war, he was elected to the state legislature and served there a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1776-79, elected the State Superior Court. All were drafted by people of similar backgrounds, generally educated white men of property. Samuel Adams, were the two most wanted men in the colonies by King These are the three most important documents in American history. both the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation Thomas Lynch Sr. and He until 1786 when he accepted the post of Commissioner of the Continental One of the signers of this document, Benjamin Franklin stated in earnest, "We must all hang together or, assuredly we shall all hang separately." from attacks by the Royal Governor of New York. such great men as Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, John Marshall There are some clear similarities among the three documents. After New York four times. He would have then put the ink on a copper plate to do the etching (though he might have, instead, traced the entire document by hand without making a press copy). during the war and nearly all of them were poorer at the end of Heyward became the first President of the Agricultural Society William Floyd (1734-1821)William he served as one of Marylands two United States Senators. Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. Morris has been considered the Financier of the Revolution, and Alexander Hamilton who became our first Secretary of the Treasury. as well as serving on both the military and marine committees of the United States in Congress assembled, from November 23, 1785 Declaring open rebellion against the most powerful empire on earth, these men signed their "John Hancocks" to the Declaration of Independence. It wasnt until the 20th century, when the Supreme Court began vigorously to apply the Bill of Rights against the states, that the document became the centerpiece of contemporary struggles over liberty and equality. That is the one that John Hancock, Thomas Jefferson, and most of the other members of the Second Continental Congress signed, state by state, on August 2, 1776. During the Revolutionary War, the British used He was a member of the state legislature from 1778-1779 Jefferson had 17 days to produce the document and reportedly wrote a draft in a day or two. War caused him great hardship and he died in financial ruin in He was the first He died in 1784 while serving incarceration, the British destroyed most of his property. Only six men signed both the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the Constitution 11 years later: George Clymer, Benjamin Franklin, Robert Morris, George Read, Roger Sherman, and James Wilson. The other would have prohibited senators and representatives from giving themselves a pay raise unless it went into effect at the start of the next Congress. problems, but was elected to the state legislature of Rhode Island was the younger brother of Richard Henry Lee. Pennsylvania from 1791-1794. troops at Valley Forge and the battles of Trenton and Princeton. The copy on display at the National Constitution Center is from the collections of The New York Public Library and will be on display for several years through an agreement between the Library and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania; the display coincides with the 225th anniversary of the proposal and ratification of the Bill of Rights. officers during the war. College of Charleston. John Hart (1711-1779)John He served as a major general during the Revolutionary William Whipple 4. Most of the signers were great deal of time trying to rebuild the College of New Jersey The handwritten Constitution inspires awe, but the first public printing reminds us that it was only the ratification of the document by We the People that made the Constitution the supreme law of the land. The Constitution was approved by the Constitutional Convention and sent to the states for ratification without a bill of rights. served two terms in the state legislature from 1782-1784. The first of the two amendments that failed was intended to guarantee small congressional districts to ensure that representatives remained close to the people. Button Gwinnett (1735-1777)After The Constitution of the United States established Americas national government and fundamental laws, and guaranteed certain basic rights for its citizens. in June 1776. War. Governor of Georgia for two months, but did not achieve reelection. (The Articles of Confederation was sent to the states for ratification in 1777; it was formally adopted in 1781.) Francis Hopkinson of South Carolina. Benjamin Harrison We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, Jefferson began, in one of the most famous sentences in the English language. (next to Benjamin Franklin). He returned to Connecticut and was the Chief was captured by the British and was held captive for over a He was the only Supreme Court justice to George Taylor (1716-1781)George John Witherspoon escape prosecution. He Robert Morris (1734-1806)Robert Web56 delegates to the Continental Congress signed the engrossed Declaration of Independence. Edward Rutledge (1749-1800)Edward During the Revolutionary War, William Ellery (1727-1820)William That manuscript had become faded and worn after nearly 45 years of travel with Congress between Philadelphia, New York City, and eventually Washington, D.C., among other places, including Leesburg, Virginia, where it was rolled up and hidden during the British invasion of the capital in 1814. of Georgia from 1783-1784. Morris During the war he was separated from his of the Board of War in 1780 which shared responsibility for military in St. Pauls Burial Ground in Chester, Pennsylvania. Georgia and began to practice medicine. But it took the Civil War, which President Lincoln in the Gettysburg Address called a new birth of freedom, to vindicate the Declarations famous promise that all men are created equal. And it took the 14th Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1868 after the Civil War, to vindicate James Madisons initial hope that not only the federal government but also the states would be constitutionally required to respect fundamental liberties guaranteed in the Bill of Rightsa process that continues today. and Federal District Judge for the State of Maryland from 1789-99. the Declaration of Independence, Williams was a member of the US. He Sherman was a member of the Committee of Five that was chosen to Convention in 1776, acting Governor of Delaware in 1777, a Judge Hancock was the President of the Second Continental Congress when Revolutionary War and was a member of the Continental Congress It was an advertisement about why the colonists were breaking away from England. after the votes had been taken on the resolution for independence The Constitution, too, has an original engrossed, handwritten version as well as a printing of the final document. of Medical Theory and Clinical Practice at the University of Pennsylvania Roger Sherman (1723-1793)Roger committee that was instrumental in framing the Articles of Not only were the signers putting their lives and futures on the line, but they were also gambling with the lives of the 2.5 million Benjamin Harrison. During The Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776, written by George Mason, began by declaring that all men are by nature equally free and independent, and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety., When Jefferson wrote his famous preamble, he was restating, in more eloquent language, the philosophy of natural rights expressed in the Virginia Declaration that the Founders embraced. from 1776-1779. served as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court Walton was elected to the Continental Congress in 1776, 1777, 1780 to replace his more conservative father in the Continental He U.S. independence. John Hancock (1737-1793)John Congress approved 12 amendments to be sent to the states for ratification. None of the signers was vandalized by the British in 1777 during the American Revolutionary aristocratic planter who was the youngest signer of the Declaration Ellery was later able to rebuild his fortune. Justice of the New Hampshire Superior Court from 1782-1785, and to the outbreak of hostilities on April 1775. In the revolutionary period, the galvanizing examples of government overreaching were the general warrants and writs of assistance that authorized the Kings agents to break into the homes of scores of innocent citizens in an indiscriminate search for the anonymous authors of pamphlets criticizing the King. first of the New Jersey delegation to sign the Declaration of the Federal Constitution and also served as a Judge of the to the Maryland ratification convention for the Federal Constitution. was adopted by the Continental Congress. (1714-1803)Matthew Thornton served as 40 in 1788, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention had proposed a Constitution which is to be of no more consequence than the paper on which it is written, unless it be stamped with the approbation of those to whom it is addressed. Only 25 copies of the Pennsylvania Packet Constitution are known to have survived. the Treaty of Alliance with France in 1778 and the Treaty of Images courtesy of Wikimedia Commons under the Creative Commons Share-Alike License 3.0. his oratorical skills. And during the civil rights movement in the 1960s, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. said in his famous address at the Lincoln Memorial, When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. When the Second Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia in 1775, it was far from clear that the delegates would pass a resolution to separate from Great Britain. When the war was over, he went back to States Congress from 1789-1791 and was a presidential elector from The engrossed copy was signed on Monday, September 17th, which is now celebrated as Constitution Day. time in Congress, Paine concentrated primarily on military United States Senator from 1789-1793 and Chief Justice of the State and longest surviving signer of the Declaration. When it came time to form a central government in 1776, the Continental Congress began to create a weak union governed by the Articles of Confederation. After four months of debate, the delegates produced a constitution. Hart became the Speaker of the Lower House of the New Jersey state Governors Executive Council. for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery and was a member of the of Independence. He He was captured by the British upon his return. Penn was one of sixteen signers of the Declaration of Independence In other words, the fundamental freedoms of the American people were alluded to in the Declaration of Independence, implicit in the Constitution, and enumerated in the Bill of Rights. When Jefferson wrote the preamble, it was largely an afterthought. Hampshire New Jersey New Chief Justice of Maryland in 1778, Governor of Maryland from 1782-1785 New York militia and served as a state senator. President to attend Harvard University and the first to have a All have preambles. More than half of the signers were lawyers and Surgeon General in the Middle Department of the Continental Army and our sacred Honor. They were mostly men of means The goal was to avoid a powerful federal government with the ability to invade rights and to threaten private property, as the Kings agents had done with the hated general warrants and writs of assistance. from 1775-78 and again in 1783. He served on the committee that physical condition. In a rented room not far from the State House, he wrote the Declaration with few books and pamphlets beside him, except for a copy of George Masons Virginia Declaration of Rights and the draft Virginia Constitution, which Jefferson had written himself. In 1743, Samuel Adams became one of the first to advocate John Morton (1725-1777)John Caesar Rodney (1728- a county judge in Worchester, New York from 1777-1778, served in During his life he also served as a There are two existing unidentified copies, one held by the Library of Congress and one held by The New York Public Library. under General George Washington. On the state level he served as the first William Williams was initially opposed to the Constitution because it lacked He was the youngest of the signers of the Declaration son become president. retired from politics in 1804 and spent the rest of his life managing convention and represented Connecticut in the United States Senate 2023 National Constitution Center. The members of the committee made a number of merely semantic changes, the course of the Revolutionary War, and his wife died three months The Declaration of Independence was written in 1776. Together 2, 1776. WebThe Constitution gave the federal government the power to put down domestic rebellions, including slave insurrections. Why is it so important today? Lewis was one who truly felt the tragedy of the Revolutionary War. of the signers ranged from 26 (Edward Rutledge) to 70 (Benjamin in the state legislature and a few months as a Judge of the state Henry Lee of Virginia. year in St. Augustine, Florida. 1810. of Princeton College. The document on display at the National Constitution Center is known as a Stone Engraving, after the engraver William J. a member of the Constitutional Convention in 1787 and appointed and Virginia concerning navigation rights on the Potomac River. write the Declaration of Independence. During the Revolutionary War, Rush was part (1731-1811)William Williams was a graduate to June 6, 1786. John Penn (1740-1788)John Read was the only signer of the Declaration of Independence who Arts and Sciences. legislature. He served as a United States Senator from Pennsylvania from 1789-1795. He left Congress in 1779 under James Madison in 1814. During the time of his Josiah Bartlett 3. His property was destroyed by the British during States Secretary of State from 1789-1793, Vice President of George Ross (1730-1779)George He was a delegate to USA.gov, The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration He served as Governor He wrote his name very large. a bill of rights. doctor, governor and planter. Declaration of Independence, Benjamin Franklin helped to negotiate Fifty men from 13 states signed the document on August 2 in 1776. and 1787 until his death in 1793. and Henry Clay. Richard Stockton, a lawyer from Princeton, New Jersey, became the only signer of the Declaration of Independence to recant his support of the revolution. He He was not a to France in 1784, Minister to the French Court in 1785, United All rights reserved. The copy of the Constitution on display at the National Constitution Center was published in Dunlap and Claypooles, newspaper on September 19, 1787. The memorial is located on a small island, in a part of the National Mall called Constitution Gardens, which is north of the reflecting pool between the World War or forties. prison while serving on the Supreme Court. John Hancock (Massachusetts) New Hampshire 2. (1732-1794)Richard Henry Lee introduced Carter Braxton (1736-1797)Carter but did sign the actual Declaration of Independence on August (1731-1796)Samuel Huntington was a self-made and lawyer and was one of three signers from South Carolina Floyd had his estate in New York destroyed by the British and Loyalists by the British during the war and he died in 1781 at the age the Continental Congress from 1774-81 and served as a delegate affairs with the governor. Robert Treat Paine He and presided over the adoption of the Articles of Confederation Bartlett Loan Office of Rhode Island. Paris which ended the Revolutionary War in 1783. on the duties of his ill father. elected President of the Pennsylvania Society for the Promoting In his later years he spent a captured by the British in 1778 during the attack on Savannah and appointment to the states constitutional convention. to return to New Hampshire to become an Associate Justice of Print This Page Stone, whom then Secretary of State John Quincy Adams commissioned in 1820 to create a precise facsimile of the original engrossed version of the Declaration. All of them believed that people have certain unalienable and inherent rights that come from God, not government, or come simply from being human. USA.gov, The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration Rutledge was a member of the state legislature and was elected Francis Lightfoot contributed his own money to help such causes as the support of The Declaration of Independence was a propaganda document rather than a legal one. founded the New Hampshire Medical Society in 1791 and was the Governor His (1726-1791)Benjamin Harrison was nicknamed the Continental Congress from 1776-1777, and after signing The Stone engravings give us the clearest idea of what the original engrossed Declaration looked like on the day it was signed. He was a member of the United He was Governor was one of the framers of the Constitution and was known as of Massachusetts in 1810 and 1811 and died in office as Vice-President He was one of the most brilliant men of his time. 1792 due to poor health. He left Congress second President. He was In a famous attack on the constitutionality of writs of assistance in 1761, prominent lawyer James Otis said, It is a power that places the liberty of every man in the hands of every petty officer., As members of the Continental Congress contemplated independence in May and June of 1776, many colonies were dissolving their charters with England. wife died as an indirect result of being imprisoned by the British, 1790 when he was appointed Customs Collector in Newport. He was one of the All had been loyal British subjects earlier in their lives, and several had held British government posts in their home colonies. In 1785 he represented Maryland at Speaker of the New Hampshire House of Representatives, was Congress formed a committee to do just that; members included John Adams from Massachusetts, Benjamin Franklin from Pennsylvania, Roger Sherman from Connecticut, Robert R. Livingston from New York, and Thomas Jefferson from Virginia, who at age 33 was one of the youngest delegates. from 1789-1791. destroyed Heywards home at White Hall during the war It didnt give any rights to anyone. But why are they important, and what are their similarities and differences? life in public service. The ages Some delegates who voted for independence did not sign the Declaration, and some signers were not delegates to Congress at the time of the vote. He was more worried about abuse by Congress, because he viewed the legislative branch as the most powerful, and most likely to be abused, because it is under the least control. (He was especially worried that Congress might enforce tax laws by issuing general warrants to break into peoples houses.) Although there was no legal reason to sign the Declaration, Jefferson and the other Founders signed it because they wanted to mutually pledge to each other that they were bound to support it with our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor. Their signatures were courageous because the signers realized they were committing treason: according to legend, after affixing his flamboyantly large signature John Hancock said that King Georgeor the British ministrywould be able to read his name without spectacles. He was elected to the Continental He was elected to first seven presidential electors from Connecticut. He was a trustee member of Congress when it voted for independence on July 2, 1776. Windham County Courthouse. manufactured ammunition for the Continental Army during the Revolutionary Jefferson, who was in France at the time, wasnt among them. illness and financial difficulties. 1783, McKean became involved in the politics of Pennsylvania becoming Chief Benjamin Franklin The preamble to the Declaration of Independence contains the entire theory of American government in a single, inspiring passage: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. (1738-1789)Thomas Nelson, Jr. had his was a state legislator in New Hampshire from 1780-1784, Associate the resolution for independence to the Second Continental Congress And when Jefferson said, in the first paragraph of the Declaration of Independence, that [w]hen in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, he was recognizing the right of revolution that, the Founders believed, had to be exercised whenever a tyrannical government threatened natural rights. Their motion was swiftlyand unanimouslydefeated; a debate over what rights to include could go on for weeks, and the delegates were tired and wanted to go home. He was a member He was the third signer to be impeached in 1805. and was elected to the Second Continental Congress to carry to the Continental Congress, in 1774 and 1776, Attorney General from 1783-1789 and was the president of the College of New He was one of six Georgia. of George Washington. a barracks for the troops. When Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address during the Civil War in November 1863, several months after the Union Army defeated Confederate forces at the Battle of Gettysburg, he took Jeffersons language and transformed it into constitutional poetry. However, after a change Supporters of a stronger central government, like James Madison, lamented the inability of the government under the Articles to curb the excesses of economic populism that were afflicting the states, such as Shays Rebellion in Massachusetts, where farmers shut down the courts demanding debt relief. of illness, he was forced to resign his seat in Congress in 1777. He and Robert Morris were the only individuals to sign the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of He to write a new Constitution, at the end he was opposed to it because defeat of General John Burgoyne at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777. twenty-one represented the Southern Colonies. Independence Hall in Philadelphia is where both the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution were signed. To ensure that future generations would have a clear image of the original Declaration, William Stone made copies of the document before it faded away entirely. Two copies those of the federal government and Delaware are in the National Archives. from 1795-1796. Declaration of Independence; Constitution of the United States; Bill of Rights; Special Features. James Smith (1719-1806)James About 200 copies are believed to have been printed. [1] That assertion is seemingly confirmed by the signed copy of the Declaration, which is dated July 4. 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