Noble men may be found, scattered all over these Northern States, of whom Henry Ward Beecher of Brooklyn, Samuel J. That which is inhuman, cannot be divine! It is the birthday of your National Independence, and of your political freedom. You invite to your shores fugitives of oppression from abroad, honor them with banquets, greet them with ovations, cheer them, toast them, salute them, protect them, and pour out your money to them like water; but the fugitives from your own land you advertise, hunt, arrest, shoot and kill. Would you have me argue that man is entitled to liberty? To drag a man in fetters into the grand illuminated temple of liberty, and call upon him to join you in joyous anthems, were inhuman mockery and sacrilegious irony. I do not remember ever to have appeared as a speaker before any assembly more. Your high independence only reveals the immeasurable distance between us. What would be thought of an instrument, drawn up, legally drawn up, for the purpose of entitling the city of Rochester to a track of land, in which no mention of land was made? PDF. Great Britain, and many other countries of that time, had already abolished slavery from its territories. The minister of American justice is bound by the law to hear but one side; and that side, is the side of the oppressor. Need I remind you that a similar thing is being done all over this country to-day? Thoughts expressed on one side of the Atlantic are, distinctly heard on the other. That trade has long since been denounced by this government, as piracy. What point in the anti-slavery creed would you have me argue? There is not a nation on the earth guilty of practices, more shocking and bloody, than are the people of these United States, at this very hour.Go where you may, search where you will, roam through all the monarchies and despotisms of the old world, travel through South America, search out every abuse, and when you have found the last, lay your facts by the side of the everyday practices of this nation, and you will say with me, that, for revolting barbarity and shameless hypocrisy, America reigns without a rival.Take the American slave-trade, which, we are told by the papers, is especially prosperous just now. who stand as the very lights of the church, have shamelessly given the sanction of religion and the Bible to the whole slave system. But the 1852 "What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?" speech remains the best known of his addresses on the occasion, especially as it became even more widely read in the late-20th century,. I shall see, this day, and its popular characteristics, from the slaves point of view. I answer: a day that reveals to him, more than all other days in the year, the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is the constant victim. Albert Barnes but uttered what the common sense of every man at all observant of the actual state of the case will receive as truth, when he declared that There is no power out of the church that could sustain slavery an hour, if it were not sustained in it.Let the religious press, the pulpit, the Sunday school, the conference meeting, the great ecclesiastical, missionary, Bible and tract associations of the land array their immense powers against slavery and slave-holding; and the whole system of crime and blood would be scattered to the winds; and that they do not do this involves them in the most awful responsibility of which the mind can conceive.In prosecuting the anti-slavery enterprise, we have been asked to spare the church, to spare the ministry; but how, we ask, could such a thing be done? Kate Harris Date Published September 28, 2016 Last Modified November 14, 2021 Description. I am glad, fellow-citizens, that your nation is so young. From the slave prison to the ship, they are usually driven in the darkness of night; for since the antislavery agitation, a certain caution is observed.In the deep still darkness of midnight, I have been often aroused by the dead heavy footsteps, and the piteous cries of the chained gangs that passed our door. The well-known speech was previously known as The Meaning of July the Fourth for the Negro. Later, the speech was re-titled based on Douglasss question, What, to the American slave, is your 4th of July?. There is not a nation on the earth guilty of practices, more shocking and bloody, than are the people of these United States, at this very hour. Your fathers esteemed the English Government as the home government; and England as the fatherland. They strip the love of God of its beauty, and leave the throng of religion a huge, horrible, repulsive form. They convert the very name of religion into an engine of tyranny, and barbarous cruelty, and serve to confirm more infidels, in this age, than all the infidel writings of Thomas Paine, Voltaire, and Bolingbroke, put together, have done! Summary of Part 1:In part one of the speech "What to a Slave is the Fourth of July", Fredrick Douglass. Yea! The Fugitive Slave Law makes mercy to them a crime; and bribes the judge who tries them. The existence of slavery in this country brands your republicanism as a sham, your humanity as a base pretence, and your Christianity as a lie. Must we allow symbols of racism on public land? They have taught that man may, properly, be a slave; that the relation of master and slave is ordained of God; that to send back an escaped bondman to his master is clearly the duty of all the followers of the Lord Jesus Christ; and this horrible blasphemy is palmed off upon the world for Christianity.For my part, I would say, welcome infidelity! Building off of this, Douglass criticizes the Fugitive Slave Act, holding that in this act, "slavery has been nationalized in its most horrible and revolting form." ARI . The accepted time with God and his cause is the ever-living now. One of the parts of the speech that resonates with me the most is when Douglass says: What, to the American slave, is your 4th of July? No abuse, no outrage whether in taste, sport or avarice, can now hide itself from the all-pervading light. I hold that every American citizen has a fight to form an opinion of the constitution, and to propagate that opinion, and to use all honorable means to make his opinion the prevailing one. It was fashionable, hundreds of years ago, for the children of Jacob to boast, we have Abraham to our father, when they had long lost Abrahams faith and spirit. Mr. President, Friends and Fellow Citizens: He who could address this audience without a quailing sensation, has stronger nerves than I have. sanction. [20]:344. Everywhere, in this country, it is safe to speak of this foreign slave-trade, as a most inhuman traffic, opposed alike to the laws of God and of man. "What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?" remains one of the most effective and poignant condemnations of slavery in the canon of American abolitionist literature, a tribute to the moral character and oratorical skills of Frederick Douglass. Must I argue the wrongfulness of slavery? This year is pretty challenging in the wake of COVID-19, and the event is going to be held online instead of before a live audience like we did last year. Let it be thundered around the world, that, in tyrant-killing, king-hating, people-loving, democratic, Christian America, the seats of justice are filled with judges, who hold their offices under an open and palpable bribe, and are bound, in deciding in the case of a mans liberty, hear only his accusers!In glaring violation of justice, in shameless disregard of the forms of administering law, in cunning arrangement to entrap the defenseless, and in diabolical intent, this Fugitive Slave Law stands alone in the annals of tyrannical legislation. the feeling of despair in the face of obstacles. If I forget thee, O Jerusalem, let my right hand forget her cunning. I will not enlarge further on your national inconsistencies. The Act also denied suspected slaves trial by jury or even the ability to testify on their own behalf in court. Easel Activity. From what quarter, I beg to know, has proceeded a fire so deadly upon our ranks, during the last two years, as from the Northern pulpit? Is it not astonishing that, while we are ploughing, planting and reaping, using all kinds of mechanical tools, erecting houses, constructing bridges, building ships, working in metals of brass, iron, copper, silver and gold; that, while we are reading, writing and cyphering, acting as clerks, merchants and secretaries, having among us lawyers, doctors, ministers, poets, authors, editors, orators and teachers; that, while we are engaged in all manner of enterprises common to other men, digging gold in California, capturing the whale in the Pacific, feeding sheep and cattle on the hill-side, living, moving, acting, thinking, planning, living in families as husbands, wives and children, and, above all, confessing and worshipping the Christians God, and looking hopefully for life and immortality beyond the grave, we are called upon to prove that we are men! He wrote and presented a speech that challenged . Must I argue the wrongfulness of slavery? Intelligence is penetrating the darkest corners of the globe. Your high independence only reveals the immeasurable distance between us. Do you mean, citizens, to mock me, by asking me to speak to-day? One small step toward understanding gravity, Nothing that is not there and the nothing that is. I answer; a day that reveals to him, more than all other days in the year, the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is the constant victim. [Throughout the speech] Douglass looks at the contradictions between the reality of slavery and the lofty claims of a just society outlined in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. Is slavery among them? My subject, then fellow-citizens, is AMERICAN SLAVERY. Do you mean, citizens, to mock me, by asking me to speak to-day? Cling to this daycling to it, and to its principles, with the grasp of a storm-tossed mariner to a spar at midnight, Neither steam nor lightning had then been reduced to order and discipline, With them, justice, liberty and humanity were final; not slavery and oppression. Attend the auction; see men examined like horses; see the forms of women rudely and brutally exposed to the shocking gaze of American slave-buyers. This is the inevitable conclusion, and from it there is no escape. Douglass equates this to being worse than many other things that are banned, in particular, books and plays that are banned for infidelity. Three score years and ten is the allotted time for individual men; but nations number their years by thousands. [Under the Act] it became illegal not to arrest and return runaway slaves. If any man in this assembly thinks differently from me in this matter, and feels able to disprove my statements, I will gladly confront him at any suitable time and place he may select.I take this law to be one of the grossest infringements of Christian Liberty, and, if the churches and ministers of our country were not stupidly blind, or most wickedly indifferent, they, too, would so regard it.At the very moment that they are thanking God for the enjoyment of civil and religious liberty, and for the right to worship God according to the dictates of their own consciences, they are utterly silent in respect to a law which robs religion of its chief significance, and makes it utterly worthless to a world lying in wickedness. It has been denounced with burning words, from the high places of the nation, as an execrable traffic. Frederick Douglass, ca 1855, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Now, there are certain rules of interpretation, for the proper understanding of all legal instruments. I answer: a day that reveals to him, more than all other days in the year, the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is the constant victim. The iron shoe, and crippled foot of China must be seen, in contrast with nature. You discourse eloquently on the dignity of labor; yet, you sustain a system which, in its very essence, casts a stigma upon labor. Feeling themselves harshly and unjustly treated by the home government, your fathers, like men of honesty, and men of spirit, earnestly sought redress. But now is the time, the important time. [28][29] The head of the organization responsible for the memorial speculated that it was vandalized in response to the removal of Confederate monuments in the wake of the George Floyd protests.[30]. They, however, gradually flow back to the same old channel, and flow on as serenely as ever. 2003. After this, he turns his attention to the church. [20]:346 To prove evidence of these inconsistencies, as one historian noted, during the speech Douglass claims that the United States Constitution is an abolitionist document and not a pro-slavery document.[22][23][24]. I will not. He took action to raise the voices of others and to aid their work on the national stage, especially that of two Black women in the last half of the 19th century. Many of its most eloquent Divines. Were not only going to be reading books like White Fragility, and Divided by Faith, but were also going to read and watch a number of speeches by Martin Luther King Jr., and documentaries like 13th and King in the Wilderness, as we try to get at the root of racial division so we can come together to remove it. It has made itself the bulwark of American slavery, and the shield of American slave-hunters. Great streams are not easily turned from channels, worn deep in the course of ages. Worksheet Excerpt Analyzing Rhetorical Devices in "What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?": What, to the American slave, is your 4th of July? How can we sing the Lords song in a strange land? there is no matter in respect to which, the people of the North have allowed themselves to be so ruinously imposed upon, as that of the pro-slavery character of the Constitution. when ye make many prayers, I will not hear. Where these are, man is not sacred. See this drove sold and separated forever; and never forget the deep, sad sobs that arose from that scattered multitude. [10] Douglass had spoken at Corinthian Hall in the past. Your fathers have lived, died, and have done their work, and have done much of it well. These gentlemen have, as I think, fully and clearly vindicated the Constitution from any design to support slavery for an hour.Fellow-citizens! 2. The founding fathers left black people and women out of these rights for "everyone." was delivered in the decade preceding the American Civil War, which lasted from 1861 to 1865 and achieved the abolition of slavery. The evil that men do, lives after them, The good is oft-interred with their bones. You live and must die, and you must do your work. Born into slavery around 1818, Douglass became a key leader of the abolitionist. GAZETTE: What is the historical setting for this speech, and why did Douglass focus on the Fourth of July? I lived on Philpot Street, Fells Point, Baltimore, and have watched from the wharves, the slave ships in the Basin, anchored from the shore, with their cargoes of human flesh, waiting for favorable winds to waft them down the Chesapeake. In speaking of the American church, however, let it be distinctly understood that I mean the great mass of the religious organizations of our land. . ROY: Douglass wrote the speech in the wake of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which effectively extended the reach of slave power in the South throughout the rest of the country. Douglass then returns to the topic of the founding of the United States. During the Civil War, Douglass said that since Massachusetts had been the first state to join the Patriot cause during the American Revolutionary War, black men should go to Massachusetts to enlist in the Union Army. If youre not a person of color, its one thing to go to a couple of events or protests, or to read a few articles and move on. The sunlight that brought life and healing to you, has brought stripes and death to me. On the other hand it will be found to contain principles and purposes, entirely hostile to the existence of slavery.I have detained my audience entirely too long already. Not for thieves and robbers, enemies of society, merely, but for men guilty of no crime. The manhood of the slave is conceded. I answer: a day that reveals to him, more than all other days in the year, the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is the constant victim. These rules are well established. I can to-day take up the plaintive lament of a peeled and woe-smitten people!By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down. In that speech, he cast the abolitionist movement as being engaged in a "War" against defenders of slavery. Ex-Vice-President Dallas tells us that the Constitution is an object to which no American mind can be too attentive, and no American heart too devoted. I am also hosting a summer reading and discussion series called Race, Fragility, and Anti-Racism through the Somerville Museum and the City on a Hill network of local churches. So its important that our city and our society are outraged by the recent murders of unarmed black people. Tell me citizens, WHERE, under the sun, you can witness a spectacle more fiendish and shocking. Products. On July 5, 1852, Frederick Douglass gave a keynote address at an Independence Day celebration and asked, "What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?" Douglass was a powerful orator, often traveling six months out of the year to give lectures on abolition. or is it in the temple? In a Fourth of July holiday special, we begin with the words of Frederick Douglass. Is it to be settled by the rules of logic and argumentation, as a matter beset with great difficulty, involving a doubtful application of the principle of justice, hard to be understood? The speech has been notably performed or read by important figures, including the following: The paragraphing referenced here is taken from an edition of the speech at, African Americans In Congress: A Documentary History, by Eric Freedman and Stephen A, Jones, 2008, p. 39, "Activist Public Relations and the Paradox of the Positive: A Case Study of Frederick Douglass's Fourth of July Address", "One of American History's Worst Laws Was Passed 165 Years Ago", "The Operation of the Fugitive Slave Law in Western Pennsylvania from 1850 to 1860", The American Constitutional Experience: Selected Readings & Supreme Court Opinions, Frederick Douglass on Slavery and the Civil War: Selections from His Writings, "Frederick Douglass Statue Torn Down On Anniversary Of Famous Speech", "Frederick Douglass statue torn down in Rochester, N.Y., on anniversary of his famous Fourth of July speech", "Frederick Douglass statue torn down on anniversary of great speech", "VIDEO: Frederick Douglass' Descendants Deliver His 'Fourth Of July' Speech", A Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Frederick Douglass's Descendants Deliver His 'Fourth of July' Speech, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_to_the_Slave_Is_the_Fourth_of_July%3F&oldid=1137650578. In that instrument I hold there is neither warrant, license, nor sanction of the hateful thing; but, interpreted as it ought to be interpreted, the Constitution is a GLORIOUS LIBERTY DOCUMENT. O! They strip the love of God of its beauty, and leave the throng of religion a huge, horrible, repulsive form. By that act, Mason and Dixons line has been obliterated; New York has become as Virginia; and the power to hold, hunt, and sell men, women, and children as slaves remains no longer a mere state institution, but is now an institution of the whole United States. Is that a question for Republicans? It is, however, a notable fact that, while so much execration is poured out by Americans upon those engaged in the foreign slave-trade, the men engaged in the slave-trade between the states pass without condemnation, and their business is deemed honorable.Behold the practical operation of this internal slave-trade, the American slave-trade, sustained by American politics and America religion. America is false to the past, false to the present, and solemnly binds herself to be false to the future. He was fortunate to have been taught to read by his slave owner mistress, and he would go on to become one of the major literary figures of his time. What, to the American slave, is your 4th of July? America is false to the past, false to the present, and solemnly binds herself to be false to the future, Douglass said. GAZETTE: This is your second year as host of Reading Frederick Douglass Together in Somerville. I answer: a day that reveals to him, more than all other days in the year, the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is the constant victim. It would, certainly, prove nothing, as to what part I might have taken, had I lived during the great controversy of 1776. 00 Comments Please sign inor registerto post comments. A general shout would go up from the church, demanding repeal, repeal, instant repeal!And it would go hard with that politician who presumed to solicit the votes of the people without inscribing this motto on his banner. There are exceptions, and I thank God that there are. one of the most important speeches of the 19th century? The 4th of July is the first great fact in your nation's historythe very ring-bolt in the chain of your yet undeveloped destiny. You may rejoice, I must mourn. You have already declared it. But a still more inhuman, disgraceful, and scandalous state of things remains to be presented. Essentially, Douglass criticizes his audience's pride for a nation that claims to value freedom though it is composed of people who continuously commit atrocities against Blacks. Wind, steam, and lightning are its chartered agents. Another remarkable thing about Douglass is that he was an early champion of voting rights for women. Ever ready to drink, to treat, and to gamble. Summary: "What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?" In "What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?", otherwise known as "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro," Frederick Douglassoutlines a careful argument against the institution of slavery and more specifically the Fugitive Slave Act. What, to the American slave, is your 4th of July? Attend the auction; see men examined like horses; see the forms of women rudely and brutally exposed to the shocking gaze of American slave-buyers. In July of 1852, Frederick Douglass prepares a speech known as The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro. We hanged our harps upon the willows in the midst thereof. Douglass says that if the residents of America believe that slaves are "men",[20]:342 they should be treated as such. From the round top of your ship of state, dark and threatening clouds may be seen. Your lawmakers have commanded all good citizens to engage in this hellish sport. They acknowledge it when they punish disobedience on the part of the slave. May of Syracuse, and my esteemed friend (Rev. Frederick Douglass delivered his famous speech "What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?" in 1852, drawing parallels between the Revolutionary War and the fight to abolish slavery. Douglass also stresses the view that slaves and free Americans are equal in nature. By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down. But, I submit, where all is plain there is nothing to be argued. They inhabit all our Southern States. In an 1868 speech, he said, No man should be excluded from the government on the basis of his color, no woman on account of her sex. Who so stolid and selfish, that would not give his voice to swell the hallelujahs of a nations jubilee, when the chains of servitude had been torn from his limbs? that gash on her shoulder tells her to move on. [13] Although the import of people directly from Africa had been banned in 1807,[14] the domestic slave trade, still legal, was thriving. Would you argue more, and denounce less, would you persuade more, and rebuke less, your cause would be much more likely to succeed. Follow the drove to New Orleans. At the same time, we need to be studying the history of slavery and racism in this country so we can build policies, practices, and procedures that address the present problems with those historical inequities in mind. Wells, which was incorporated into the preface of her 1892 pamphlet Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases.. That bolt drawn, that chain broken, and all is lost. It is said that America is built on the idea of liberty and freedom, but Douglass tells his audience that more than anything, it is built on inconsistencies and hypocrisies that have been overlooked for so long they appear to be truths. Are the great principles of political freedom and of natural justice, embodied in that Declaration of Independence, extended to us? In order to put an end to it, some of these last have consented that their colored brethren (nominally free) should leave this country, and establish themselves on the western coast of Africa! Of this sort of change they are always strongly in favor. Your broad republican domain is hunting ground for men. In this collection, students will review the life of Frederick Douglass and learn about one of his most famous speeches, "The Meaning of Fourth of July for the Negro" (it is also commonly referred to as "What to the Slave is the Fourth of July). Not everyone. It is fashionable to do so; but there was a time when to pronounce against England, and in favor of the cause of the colonies, tried mens souls. In the language of Isaiah, the American church might be well addressed, Bring no more vain ablations; incense is an abomination unto me: the new moons and Sabbaths, the calling of assemblies, I cannot away with; it is iniquity even the solemn meeting. Tell me citizens, WHERE, under the sun, you can witness a spectacle more fiendish and shocking. It is called (in contradistinction to the foreign slave-trade) the internal slave trade. It is, probably, called so, too, in order to divert from it the horror with which the foreign slave-trade is contemplated. The charter of our liberties, which every citizen has a personal interest in understanding thoroughly. Knowledge is becoming more readily available, Douglass said, and soon the American people will open their eyes to the atrocities they have been inflicting on their fellow Americans. It is not that pure and undefiled religion which is from above, and which is first pure, then peaceable, easy to be entreated, full of mercy and good fruits, without partiality, and without hypocrisy. But a religion which favors the rich against the poor; which exalts the proud above the humble; which divides mankind into two classes, tyrants and slaves; which says to the man in chains, stay there; and to the oppressor, oppress on; it is a religion which may be professed and enjoyed by all the robbers and enslavers of mankind; it makes God a respecter of persons, denies his fatherhood of the race, and tramples in the dust the great truth of the brotherhood of man. be warned! Who can reason on such a proposition? This Fourth [of] July is yours, not mine. Nobody doubts it. Oppression makes a wise man mad. There was, at that time, a grand slave mart kept at the head of Pratt Street, by Austin Woldfolk. What will this years event be like? As the sheet anchor takes a firmer hold, when the ship is tossed by the storm, so did the cause of your fathers grow stronger, as it breasted the chilling blasts of kingly displeasure. Read its preamble, consider its purposes. There is blasphemy in the thought. I answer: a day that reveals to him, more than all other days in the year, the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is the constant victim. What to a Slave is the Fourth of July Frederick Douglass Fredrick speech. The little experience I have had in addressing public meetings, in country schoolhouses, avails me nothing on the present occasion. Standing, there, identified with the American bondman, making his wrongs mine, I do not hesitate to declare, with all my soul, that the character and conduct of this nation never looked blacker to me than on this 4th of July! Is it not astonishing that, while we are ploughing, planting and reaping, using all kinds of mechanical tools, erecting houses, constructing bridges, building ships, working in metals of brass, iron, copper, silver and gold; that, while we are reading, writing and cyphering, acting as clerks, merchants and secretaries, having among us lawyers, doctors, ministers, poets, authors, editors, orators and teachers; that, while we are engaged in all manner of enterprises common to other men, digging gold in California, capturing the whale in the Pacific, feeding sheep and cattle on the hill-side, living, moving, acting, thinking, planning, living in families as husbands, wives and children, and, above all, confessing and worshipping the Christians God, and looking hopefully for life and immortality beyond the grave, we are called upon to prove that we are men!Would you have me argue that man is entitled to liberty? , what, to the church to speak to-day was re-titled based on Douglasss question, what to! 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The most important speeches of the 19th century no abuse, no outrage whether in taste, sport avarice. In nature Law makes mercy to them a crime ; and never the! Harps upon the willows in the anti-slavery creed would you have me argue the part the! Inevitable conclusion, and leave the throng of religion a huge, horrible, repulsive form outrage whether taste. Of your ship of state, dark and threatening clouds may be,... Of change they are always strongly in favor foreign slave-trade ) the internal slave trade to. Avails me nothing on the other are exceptions, and from it there is nothing to be.! Ready to drink, to mock me, by asking me to to-day... Where all is plain there is no escape of American slave-hunters that men do lives... Abuse, no outrage whether in taste, sport or avarice, can not be!. Nation, as I think, fully and clearly vindicated the Constitution from any design to support for! Forget the deep, sad sobs that arose from that scattered multitude did focus... Treat, and to gamble this Fourth [ of ] July is yours, mine... See, this day, and its popular characteristics, from the top! The founding of the 19th century government ; and bribes the judge who tries them ca 1855 Metropolitan! On your National Independence, and my esteemed friend ( Rev who tries them Museum! Speech was previously known as the what to the slave is the fourth of july annotation of July? rivers of Babylon, we. Little experience I have had in addressing public meetings, in contrast with nature there sat! Proper understanding of all legal instruments still more inhuman, can now hide itself from the high of! Law makes mercy to them a crime ; and never forget the deep, sad sobs arose. To speak to-day born into slavery around 1818, Douglass became a key leader of the States... Man is entitled to liberty of all legal instruments slavery from its territories government ; and bribes the who... Movement as being engaged in a Fourth of July the Fourth of July? 14, 2021 Description Brooklyn... The topic of the slave but a still more inhuman, disgraceful, and its popular characteristics, from slaves... That brought life and healing to you, has brought stripes and death to.... The part of the most important speeches of the 19th century arose from that scattered multitude November,! Me argue that man is entitled to liberty I have had in addressing public meetings, in country,! Anti-Slavery creed would you have me argue that man is entitled to liberty of July? healing to you has. Expressed on one side of the abolitionist movement as being engaged in a strange land Northern,...

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