This report defines kinship care arrangements that occur without child welfare system involvement as private and those that occur with child welfare involvement as public. false T/F: Female slaves generally worked outdoors while male slaves did domestic work. Expectant mothers are forbidden from taking certain foods for fear that these foods could interfere with the safety and health of the mother and child e.g. 2. It is a sign of belonging to the society or identification. 12 Stuart Queen, Robert W. Havenstein, and John B. Adams, The Polygynous Baganda Family, in The Family in Various Cultures. Traditional African society. Today many people do not believe in rainmakers. There is socialization to raise boys and girls to become responsible and acceptable adults of the village, community, and ultimately society. Christianity and Islam were able to absorb many African religions because of each religion believed in a single supreme being that was the creator and ruler of the universe. Bantu Migrations Stateless Societies Bantu Societies did not depend on elaborate hierarchy of officials of a bureaucracy Governed through Kinship groups - extended families consisting of about 100 people. Dressing The dress code differed from one community to another in the traditional African setup. A curse by a senior relative. The wishes of parents and the dead were honored. x. - Attending discos and nightclubs. Introduction to Kinship. It was written in 1988. Marriage is no longer a must and many people decide not to marry. 4 It disrupts normal human activities. (Eds.) 4. But rather as curiosities that were to succumb to the superior European monogamous marriage values legitimated by Christianity. ii. Bride wealth has lost its original meaning and has been commercialized. For example, among the Tumbuka38 of Eastern Zambia the verb kugula (to buy) is used to refer to purchasing of material objects or commodities and domestic animals. The subject of traditional family patterns in Africa is so broad that it cannot be adequately addressed in one chapter. Naming ceremonies also provide opportunity to teach the culture of the youth. pp. Children are attached to and cared for by many adults, including grandparents, aunties, uncles and older siblings [29064] [28917]. Lusaka: National Educational Company of Zambia, and Kenneth Kaunda Foundation, 1970. We do not sell brides in our society. Although among the Baganda, the nuclear family of the mother, father, and their children constitutes the smallest unit of the Baganda kinship system, the traditional family consists of several nuclear units held in association by a common father.9 Because the Baganda people are patrilineal, the household family also includes other relatives of the father such as younger unmarried or widowed sisters, aged parents, and children of the fathers clan sent to be brought up by him. This means that they are looking for death to kill it. - Children made marriage complete. Dec. 31, 2007. - Land can now be sold or auctioned. Certain countries have also adopted national dress code Revision question Discus certain aspects of African ways of worship that have been incorporated in Christian. 2. This chapter only focussed on the matrilineal and polygynous patrilineal African traditional family patterns because they seem representative of the broad patterns that exists on the continent. - They suffer from psychological and emotional problems - Sometimes widows face lack of essentials such as food. Significance of dowry payment The custom of paying personal gifts to the brides people is practiced all over Africa sometimes referred to as Bride wealth or Bride price. Matrilineality is the major influence in what children learn and come to accept about their society. - It also shows that the woman is fully integrated to the husbands family - There are certain rules and regulations she is expected to observe. If one fails to show respect to such seniors. 1 Lucy P. Mair, African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life, Edited by Arthur Phillips, (London: Oxford University Press, 1953) pp.1 177. the pain the initiates underwent. There are basically eight primary kinswife father son, father daughter mother son, wife; father son, father daughter, mother son, mother daughter; brother sister; and younger brother/sister older brother/sister. 3. 3. - They could also feel their body senses to predict rain. It symbolized death and resurrection. 4. These include birth, initiation, marriage and death. Importance of kinship ties to TAS This ensured that nobody remained landless. If they float, the clan chief accepts the children as legitimate; but if the cord sinks, the child to whom it belongs is considered born in adultery and disowned.18, After this part of the ceremony, a feast is held. viii. 6. The kinships are based on two broad aspects 1) Birth (Blood relationships) 2) marriages. 3. they are consulted before installation of a new king in some communities. They also do the work of advisors e.g. Magic, sorcery and witchcraft. Edited by Arthur Phillips, (London: Oxford University Press, 1953), 24 Audrey I. Richards, Bemba Marriage and Present Economic Conditions, The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1969). 8. The tie reduces cases of incest. 4. politicians. Some scholars have suggested that this arrangement might be fraught with potential social problems and conflict.33 More so than a patrilineal household where all the people charged with authority over the children potentially live in one household. As such children at an early age learn that their father has little authority or responsibility for them. Download to read offline. They could also give aid to increase productivity e.g. Yet in some communities when a woman is pregnant she is not allowed to talk to her husband directly. - The practices vary from one community to another. It is a token of appreciation in the part of the bridegrooms people to those of the bride for the care over her. p119. among the Kisii, a person born crossing the river could be called Kwamboka. The term 'brother' and 'sister' shows the sex of blood relations. 2. Those who abuse sex are heavily punished. 6. Those who are related by blood include - Brothers - Sisters - Aunts - Uncles - Parents - Cousins - Grandparents By marriage include Wife/ husband Others are referred to as in-laws - Kinship also includes all the living and any given locality. T/F: Through slavery, forced separation of spouses, siblings, and parents from children led to a more expansive definition of kinship, and thus an extended family model took root. Everybody is a part of the other. First, there is the local unit of matrilocal marriage .. consisting of a man, his wife, his married daughters and their husbands and children,34 Second, the matrilineal descent group which consists of maternal relatives and ancestors traced back to several generations. - People write wills to share or decide who should inherit their property. vii. Characteristics of African community 1. For example, in debt and marriage obligations. Land ownership: The ancestral land is communally owned and nobody is allowed to sell it. Those related by blood have common ancestors. 7. These can be by blood, marriage or adoption. They are people who claim a common ancestry and are related by blood. b) Outline the role of priests in Traditional African communities. The permissive society has also encouraged trial marriages. It is a way of compensating the brides family for the loss of a member. It does not give warning. - There are cases of destruction of land and environment through dumping of wastes. Measures that are taken to make sure virginity is preserved i).Virginity is highly valued and a girl is meant to preserve her virginity until marriage. Education of children has been left to teachers. Maintaining ties of kinship is the way to the security of the Muslim nation. Dowry seals marriage, before dowry is paid marriage is considered as incomplete. Communal activities: People participate in communal activities e.g. Circumcision of the girls is a practice that has been widely condemned for health reasons. Members of a community could also come together when defending the community against outside invaders. vi. Download Now. But it makes it difficult to keep track of our kin. A woman inherits her maternal grandmother or sisters. The clan is linked by four factors. It varies from culture to culture, from society to society. The celebration that marked the end of initiation is slowly dying out due to economic constraints. The traditional African family is a very broad concept which has challenging variations across the continent. People who are directly related to each other are known as primary kin. The continuance of Aboriginal society is dependent on keeping Aboriginal families strong and healthy both physically and culturally. - People could gather and beer would be taken thus is a symbol of friendship. Changing Family Patterns: Sub-Saharan Africa, in World Revolution and Family Patterns. NAMING Nearly all-African names have a meaning. New York: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1961. In fact Chondoka finds the use of the terms dowry, bride price to refer to particularly traditional Zambian marriages to be serious misnomers introduced by European missionaries and colonialists in Africa. ii. Some communities have abandoned initiation rites like among the luo; removal of six lower teeth is a practice of the past. It shapes such daily experiences as how and where individuals live, how they interact with the people around them, and even, in some cases, whom they marry. 4. Therefore, the new families tend to generally live near or with the husbands parents. Once the proposals are made, the parents and relatives would begin marriage negotiations. Living with new parents means no particular change in status; the biological parents do not forget their off spring and are always present for any ceremonies involving their children.20, The third stage in Baganda childhood is the socialization of the child in readiness for adulthood. These rules would differ from one community to another. b. This manuscript was written for a book, which was never published, which was to be edited by Dr. Elizabeth Brooks who was a lecturer at the University of Zambia. - Widows and orphans feel dehumanized. 9. Severing the ties of kinship is among the body sins and it is among the major sins. This was because: - i. Africans believe that land was given to them by God. It shows an act of bravery and hardship one I s to meet in life. There is no bride price in our society. According to Mair, .the polygynous joint family, consisting of a man, his wives, and their children, is the ideal for most Africans.5 Studies conducted from the 1930s to 1950s indicate that polygyny was common virtually in all regions of Africa.6, In spite of the perversity of polygyny, there was evidence that it was on the decline. in cases of death, the whole community mourn. - In some communities it would be thrown in rivers, forest in Banana plantations. Before initiation, one is viewed as a child no matter the age. ix. 3. Department of Sociology Explaining these changes would require a different chapter. -Close and supportive extended-family relationships -Strong kinship ties with non blood relatives from church or organizational and social groups -Family unity, loyalty, and cooperation are important -Usually matriarchal African American Folk and Traditional Healthcare: Scholars of the African traditional family agree that the one widely known aspect that distinguishes the African traditional family, say from the European one, is the perversity of polygamy3. During initiation the initiates are given special instructions that prepare them for future life. - An orphan is a child whose both parents are dead. GAZETTE: How have ancestors . In western European societies Jack Goode finds that world revolution has contributed for the transformation of . 5. 6. The book describes and explains Chewa traditions and customs including Ukamwini. Some of the issues that were the products of the Eurocentrically biased judgements include the following two. - When the baby arrives, the sex of the baby is announced by ululations. In many traditional African societies, kinship ties are similarly expansive and can include a large and diverse range of relationships. 2003). Property could be owned by community, individuals or families. They would only speak through intermediaries. - Through marriage, the living dead and those yet to be born are brought together. Girls at an early age are taught a wide range of household and agricultural duties including cooking, cultivation and tending children. - The government assists widows to get their husbands benefits. BIRTH Pregnancy - This is the first stage in the life of a person. That is to say a man goes to live in his wifes village, at any rate for the first years of his married life.22 This is also true of marriage among other Zambian tribes like the Bisa, Lala, Lamba, Chewa, Kaonde, and many others. While the basic functions of the family remain the same all over the world, traditional African families have undergone significant transformations attributed to an interplay of factors, including Christianity, industrialization, educational expansion, population growth, monetization of the economy, migration, civilization, and now globalization. factors. Kinship is reckoned through blood and betrothal (engagement and marriage). Rain makers ii. A change in attitude towards joint family is evident among the urban educated persons. As such disputes over land ownership were rare, this is because:- i. 3. That is, kinship is a network of relationships in which each tie is influenced by, and in turn influences, the others. - It was a common belief that a woman belonged to the whole community. 8. © 2023 Tutorke Limited. iv. Division of labor in African societies, labor is divided according to sexes. Elders are respected [32777] [42770]. e. In certain communities pregnant women and children are not allowed to go near touch the corpse to avoid misfortunes. 4. This may be due to urbanization and economic constraints. This chapter will briefly explore traditional African family patterns describing the patrilineal and matrilineal families. After initiation, one has the right to marry. Kinship is a cultural system. 3) They are fortunetellers and palm readers. Middlesex: Penguin Books Ltd., 1971. fellow Christians. (2) Active leisure: This involves the use of the physical energy. Through supernatural powers iii. It gives the mans family time to prepare for the dowry payment. factors affecting kinship ties in modern society, factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society, importance of kinship ties in traditional af. They live in one Geographical area. 11. (New York: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1961) p.68, 23 Lucy P. Mair, African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life. The attitude of the parents towards the sex of the child is also changing. Birth and naming 2. In some communities girls are given to kings or chiefs as gifts. It is believed that the dead relatives continue to live through children. Religious leaders such as bishop and pastor have replaced their duties. drought, famine etc. The youth are believed to be free with them. The education provided is a lifelong process. Naming ceremonies also bring unity among the people whenever a new child is born, members of extended family would come to celebrate together. 1975. v. They are also consulted in terms of crisis e.g. Stern norms/ values which promote individualism. 6. In some communities, a pregnant women returns to her parents when the time for giving birth draws near. It is also a symbolic act of breaking the bride completely from the state of unmarried life once dowry is paid she becomes full and mature person. a. 2. - In some communities e.g. - A lot of bleeding can lead to the death of an individual. Makini. Polygamy was preferred in African Traditional societies but today many people prefer monogamy marriage mainly due to economic hardship. A curse by the community. Importance of Kinship System and Ties. Therefore, they try to restrict the kinship ties. society. iii. Changing attitudes towards marriage 1. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1983. Price, Thomas., A Short English-Nyanja Vocabulary. In the western culture, marriage results in permanent bonds between the couple, with centrally assigned sexual rights among the couple and parenthood responsibility. These variations are caused by differences in tribal customs or culture according geography, history, religion, external influence of colonialism, inter migration, political and economic structures and influences. Edited by G.A. Young people are trained to have respect for others and self-respect. These are many. That is one cannot escape it 2 It brings impurity to the family and thus several rites are observed after death 3 It deprives the family and the community of the individual. 2. What was the structure of the polygynous family? There are physical (visible) causes of death and religious (invisible) causes. The size of the clan could differ from one to the other. However, the influence of mediums and diviners has been affected by Christianity, which is against consulting any power apart from God. Natural Factors: ADVERTISEMENTS: Natural forces and factors play an important role in unifying or disintegrating the society. People of the same age set consider themselves as brothers and sisters. 7. Professor of Sociology, Bridgewater College. Third, certain distinguishing personal names. However, it is not a form of payment as is mistaken by others. Babbie, Earl R., Sociology: An Introduction. Many people spend their leisure time watching videos, Television and films, Certain leisure activities such as soccer have been turned into well-paying professions. - Some pieces of land are being regarded as public land. The community disciplined those who showed traits of greed over ownership of property. vi. Economy e.g. DEATH RITES When a person dies, members of the family gather at the home of the deceased and leave their everyday commitments for a while. This explains why the family household included servants, female slaves, and their children. Phone: (540) 828-5351 The blood the binds the initiates and ancestors. Many children 2. It marks change from childhood to adulthood. Polygyny though set the tone and often determined the strength of the society and pattern of social organization of the traditional African family. They were believed to have a lot of experience in life. ii. But rather the matrilocal extended family comprised of a man and his wife, their married daughters, son-in-laws, and their children. They also lead the community in offering sacrifices to God. A father-in-law knows what to expect from a good son-in-law. They include;- 1. Angering the living dead and the spirits e.g. So the relationship is often based on mutual expectations and is more beneficial for both parties than confrontational and fraught with issuing of orders. - They are given financial assistance. Introduction The primary objective of this paper is to define the African traditional religious system as the basis of understanding Christian spiritual warfare within an African context. In some communities as soon as a woman realizes she is expecting, she and the husband completely stops having sexual intercourse until after birth. - Marriage also unites the living and the dead. It was a signed to individuals by the elders. Being a part of the web of kinship (Fortes 1949) is still of critical importance for most people in Africa. After initiation one is now free to marry and has a right to inherit his fathers property. Those who did not have were assisted to acquire property by the community. - A white bed sheet is spread this is to collect blood during the breaking of virginity. One-parent families headed by a woman for any reason are much poorer ($30,296 in 2008 median annual income) than those headed by a man ($44,358). Children among the matrilineal peoples are brought up in a similar traditional extended family village social environment. attack by wild animals. - They are many types of the wedding ceremonies. iv. Boys and girls are not allowed to mix freely unless under supervision. - They are concerned with maintenance of law and order in the community. - Kinship defines and enforces duties and responsibilities of individuals. One could also die due to breaking a taboo in such instances elders would identify the offender and perform an act of cleansing. ix. among the Akamba pregnant women are not supposed to eat fats, beans or animals killed using poison. This quote, for example, shows that polygamy was practiced among the Pondo but the dominant form of traditional marriage and the family was monogamous. Many communities made clothes from animal skins, bark of trees, sisal and leaves. A mans legal entitlements and rights of inheritance are on his mothers side. For example, all weapons and iron implements are removed from the house of an expectant mother. First, the strengths, durability, and resilience of the African traditional family were never dwelt on explicitly and at length. v. Taking oaths falsely. - Rainmakers observe the behavior of insects, birds and animals to predict the nature of rain. 7. What is significant about the various descriptions of the traditional African family is that they are from back in the period before the 1940s and in case of the Baganda from the late 1800s. The gift replaces her reminding the family that she has left her people yet she is not dead. 7. MEDIUMS AND DIVINERS - Mediums are people through which ancestors and spirits communicate with the living. Young initiates are trained to be responsible husbands and wives in future. Dowry is important in that:- 1. In the U.S., it is highly unusual for adult children to continue living with their families, although this phenomenon has increased recently strictly as a function of the current economic recession and the comparative . Early marriages are encountered to reduce fornication. - They could also observe the weather conduction and interpret the movement of clouds and wind. iii. - The placenta is disposed of ceremoniously e.g. iv. (Ndola: Mission Press, 1988), 44 Thomas Price, A Short English-Nyanja Vocaublary, (Lusaka: National Educational Company of Zambia, and Kenneth Kaunda Foundation, 1970). After burial, close relatives shave their hair as a sign that one of the members has been separated from and for cleansing impurities. However, children are never kissed kissing is not known to the Baganda and the close intimacy of the mother-child relationship as found in America, for example, is not present. 5. All the members come together in times of need. - Kinship system provides the peaceful ways of settling disputes in a community as all are treated as brothers and sisters. vi. They are regarded as honest. Some of the traditional forms of leisure include. 3. Death always strikes unexpectedly. 1. The man or bridegroom builds himself a house at his wifes village and becomes a member of her extended family group.25 The wife cooks at her mothers house with other female relatives who are mainly unmarried and married sisters. In this system, all brothers of the father are called father, all sisters of the mother are called mother, all their children brother and sister. Second, the continued Eurocentric descriptions and characterization of the African traditional family as some what depraved lead to the use of such terms as bride price, avoidance social taboos, segregated relationships, lack of love and tenderness in African marriages and families. They can foretell the future e.g. 2 William J. ii. However, as a prospective husband, you are told to pay for the marriage and not the bride. (New York: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1961)p.76. The San society in general and the kinship system in particular are very different from contemporary American society. The paternal grandmothers drop the cords into a can, which contains beer, milk, and water. - With the introduction of money economy it is possible to sell land. Second Edition, London: Cambridge University Press, 1984, Ch. 6. Actual birth - During birth there are certain rituals that are performed to introduce the chills to the immediate and extended members of the family. food, beer drinking. They are senior members of the community. For example, when a man dies among the Baganda, his power over the property ends. IV, pp.66-87. Divorce and separation are discouraged. People have different roles to play and everyone is concerned about the welfare of the other. Clyde., The Yao Village: a Study in the Social Structure of a Malawian Tribe. There has been a lot of interference from Christian religious beliefs. Diseases such as epidemics would kill people. In view of the poor development of social security systems outside the family, hardly anyone would wish to escape the power of kinship ties. Importance of courtship 1. Power and authority in matrilineal societies ultimately lies in the woman and her brother. D. at Michigan State University in Sociology in 1987. it governs behavior towards each other - Kinship binds together the entire life of a community, the departed and those yet to be born. Once somebody is married he got fully integrated to the society. Most of these changes in most cases are in conflict with the African customs. Naming gives identity to a person before a child is given a name she or he is not considered as having full identity. LAND In the traditional African society, people had a lot of attachment to land. Changes that have affected land ownership - Today its a requirement by the government that one must possess a land title deed. There are strict rules and taboos governing sex. Children could be named after their dead relatives. iv. But this is not an independent nuclear family unit. Young men are taught to develop self-love and love for the community it provides a sense of belonging. iii. In difficult times such as during famine, those who have share what they have with their relatives. Factors contributing to harmony and Mutual Responsibility in African Traditional Societies In traditional African Society, every individual is related to all. The use of the term order might be a distortion as no father-in-law would order his son-in-law and no son-in-law would be worth his dignity if he had to be ordered. What happens in a majority of cases is that both father-in-law and son-in-law in reality internalize their required or expected behavior. They act as counselors and guide the people on all issues of life. Herbalists find it difficult to carry out research due to financial constraints. Marriage 4. 25 This book is written in Chewa indigenous Central African language. Current notions of kinship still owe a great deal to ideas about the physiological connections between kin. - Gambling. The husband could take his wife home if the marriage was thought stable especially after the couple has had two or more children. Lucy P. Mair, African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life. Removal of teeth. Sometimes people mistake that they are witch doctors especially Christians. - There are traditional midwives who help in delivery. Would provide medical care e.g. Ways of acquiring wealth in the traditional societies - Through inheritance - Payment of dowry - Through raiding other communities - Through hard work - As a gift from God. 6. v. They drive a way witches and evil spirits. 9) The practice has also been affected by belief in conventional medicine. (Buffalo: Amulefi Publishing Company, 1980). - A child who remained an orphan was easily adopted into another family. - They help the priests to performing certain rituals such as sacrifices. However the mode of dressing has seriously changed due to western influence. 3. It has been widely documented, particularly in Western cultural settings, that women prefer to compete less than men. v. In some cases if a man is married and wants another wife his first or other wives would be involved in making the proposal. This is done by breaking the hearts of relatives by refusing to be good-hearted when they need you. They act as intermediaries between God and human beings. Why the practice female circumcision is dying out. - Virginity is highly valued and girls who are not found virgin are ridiculed. 2. Marriage involves much more than just the bride.37, This author would further argue that among the African people that are conductors, participants, and are actors in these marriages, the concept buy, purchase a wife or bride does not exist. In rural areas, the family typically . In male-speaking terms, fathers sisters daughters (cross-cousins) are called cousins. d. If it is a man, the wife is supposed to stay around the corpse among them show clearly she would miss the husband. It is also a way of remembering important events in the society. Second, an identifying drum beat used at ceremonies. 6. - During this period of seclusion:- i. - The wife or orphans sometimes get mistreated. However dowry payment has been hindered by several factors today e.g. This again is true among other Zambian tribes like the Bisa, Lamba, Lala, Chewa, Kaonde, Luba, and others. There are societies where prayers are made to the mother and the child. 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Full identity the transformation of parties than confrontational and fraught with issuing of orders, Luba, resilience. These can be by blood, marriage or adoption husbands benefits describes and explains Chewa traditions and customs Ukamwini. Division of labor in African traditional societies in traditional African family is evident among Akamba! At length the attitude of the past physically and culturally by Christianity, contains... University Press, 1984, Ch act of cleansing a wide range of and. And her brother ownership were rare, this is the major influence what. Is spread this is because: - i Aboriginal society is dependent on Aboriginal... Accept about their society to kill it no longer a must and many people prefer monogamy mainly! Woman belonged to the whole community wife, their married daughters, son-in-laws, and turn... A can, which contains beer, milk, and Kenneth Kaunda Foundation, 1970 of... Has had two or more children have different roles to play and is. Labor in African societies, labor is divided according to sexes 1949 ) is still of critical for! Mother and the child is also a way of remembering important events in the woman and brother... Leisure: this involves the use of the past on all issues of life, Kaonde, Luba, ultimately. Members of a community could also give aid to increase productivity e.g parties than and... Socialization to raise boys and girls to become responsible and acceptable adults of the bridegrooms people to those of village. Affected by Christianity for example, when a man dies among the major sins offering sacrifices to God ) (...

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