[69] She argues that "[i]t is not only possible but quite likely that Pilate's governorship contained many such brief outbreaks of trouble about which we know nothing. We do not know where Pontius Pilate was born. Ararat? [47] This indicates that Caiaphas and the priests of the Sadducee sect were reliable allies to Pilate. [143] The apocryphal Gospel of Peter completely exonerates Pilate for the crucifixion, which is instead performed by Herod Antipas. [79] It is generally assumed, based on the unanimous testimony of the gospels, that the crime for which Jesus was brought to Pilate and executed was sedition, founded on his claim to be king of the Jews. Attitudes split by region: In texts from the Eastern Roman Empire, Pilate was portrayed as a positive figure. But in the end, the fate of Pontius Pilate remains a mystery. [50], The Gospel of Luke mentions in passing Galileans "whose blood Pilate had mingled with their sacrifices" (Luke 13:1). And all the people answered and said, "His blood be on us and on our children" (Matthew 27:24-25). Josephus tells us that in order to abolish Jewish laws, and with the intent of diminishing privileges Jews had hitherto enjoyed, Pilate ordered his troops to encamp in Jerusalem and sent them into the city with images of the emperor attached to their ensigns. after Pilate's deposition, he himself became ruler of Judaea. [281], He is venerated as a saint by the Ethiopian Church with a feast day on 19 June,[159][282] and was historically venerated by the Coptic Church, with a feast day of 25 June. And that it was predicted that our Christ should heal all diseases and raise the dead, hear what was said. The life of one man was worth avoiding a rebellion, resulting in the deaths of hundreds. The circumstances surrounding Pontius Pilate's death in circa 39 A.D. are something of a mystery and a source of contention. "[278] These creeds are recited weekly by many Christians. According to Eusebius (Church History 9.2.5), these texts were distributed during the persecution of Christians conducted by the emperor Maximinus II (reigned 308313). Pontius Pilate. First Apology 35. Archpriest Oleg Stenyayev. Moreover, Pilate also swindles his way into possession of the Potter's field, thus owning the land on which Judas commits suicide. Pontius Pilate[b] (Latin: Pontius Pilatus; Greek: , Pontios Pilatos) was the fifth governor of the Roman province of Judaea, serving under Emperor Tiberius from 26/27 to 36/37 AD. Updates? Many of these legends connected Pilate's place of birth or death to particular locations around Western Europe, such as claiming his body was buried in a particularly dangerous or cursed local area. For more information about the Acts of Pilate, visit Pontius Pilate refers to Christ in official records.. ; "What is truth? Tiberius received the petition and angrily reprimanded Pilate, ordering him to remove the shields. Notable paintings of this era include Tintoretto's Christ before Pilate (1566/67 CE), in which Pilate is given the forehead of a philosopher, and Gerrit van Honthorst's 1617 Christ before Pilate, which was later recatalogued as Christ before the High Priest due to Pilate's Jewish appearance. Why did Pilate give in to the pressure . As a result, pressure was applied by the Jewish Sanhedrin (Luke 23:2-7) upon Pilate. [125] In the mid-20th century, A. Mazar tentatively identified it as the Arrub aqueduct that brought water from Solomon's Pools to Jerusalem, an identification supported in 2000 by Kenneth Lnnqvist. "[276], Pontius Pilate is mentioned as having been involved in the crucifixion in both the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. [155] This book enjoys "a quasi-canonical status" among Ethiopian Christians to this day and continues to be read beside the canonical gospels during Holy Week. "[291] Other scholars have argued that Pilate was simply culturally insensitive in his interactions with the Jews and in this way a typical Roman official. [207], The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries see fewer depictions of Pilate, although he generally appears in cycles of artwork on the passion. The nineteenth century saw a renewed interest in depicting Pilate, with numerous images made. The fourth-century church historian Eusebius says that though Tiberius remained a pagan, he was sufficiently impressed by Pilate's testimony that he urged the Roman Senate to add Jesus to the official pantheon. Finally, the corpse is taken to Lausanne in modern Switzerland and buried in an isolated lake (perhaps Lake Lucerne), where demonic visitations continue to occur. [62] Helen Bond, Daniel Schwartz, and Warren Carter argue that Philo's portrayal is largely stereotyped and rhetorical, portraying Pilate with the same words as other opponents of Jewish law, while portraying Tiberius as just and supportive of Jewish law. There are three reports about the incident. Judgments of the man himself must be made inferentially, almost entirely on the basis of later Jewish and Christian writings, chiefly those of Josephus and the New Testament. "), and John 19:22 (Quod scripsi, scripsi, "What I have written, I have written"). They seem to picture a headstrong strict authoritarian Roman leader who, although both rational and practical, never knew how far he should go in a given case. Judging by this story, his wife seems to have travelled with him. Yet, Jesus returned from death to life and left the tomb anyway (Matt. [285] Parts of the dialogue attributed to Pilate in the Gospel of John have become particularly famous sayings, especially quoted in the Latin version of the Vulgate. Are you all stoics or something? [261] The German Catholic novelist Gertrud von Le Fort's Die Frau des Pilatus portrays Pilate's wife as converting to Christianity after attempting to save Jesus and assuming Pilate's guilt for herself; Pilate executes her as well. Pilate apparently found an way into such a high position through a referral from one of Emperor Tiberius' favorite administrators, a man named Sejanus, according to Encyclopedia Britannica. 5. [189] Pilate's iconography as a seated Roman judge derives from depictions of the Roman emperor, causing him to take on various attributes of an emperor or king, including the raised seat and clothing. [124], Attempts to identify the aqueduct that is attributed to Pilate in Josephus date to the 19th century. One tradition says that he was a member of the Pontii tribe and of Samnite nobility. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [67] The dating of the incident is unknown, but Bond argues that it must have occurred between 26 and 30 or 33, based on Josephus's chronology. As the prefect of Roman-occupied Palestine, he insulted the religious sensibilities of his Jewish subjects by promoting Roman religion and emperor worship. He provoked both Jews and Samaritans to rioting during his tenure, and he later had to stand trial in Rome for cruelty and oppression. Tradition states that her name was Claudia Procula. Pilate's Life Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Herod the Great, founder of the dynasty, tried to kill the infant Jesus by the "slaughter of the innocents" at Bethlehem. Five chapters of the novel are featured as chapters of The Master and Margarita. Others suggest that he was executed during the reign of Emperor Nero. [3], But now Pilate, the procurator of Judea, removed the army from Cesarea to Jerusalem, to take their winter quarters there, in order to abolish the Jewish laws. 12. He was then ordered back to Rome to stand trial for cruelty and oppression, particularly on the charge that he had executed men without proper trial. Scripture gives us no further information concerning Pilate, but Josephus, the Jewish historian records that Pilate, the Roman procurator of Judea succeeded Gratus. After Sejanuss fall (31 ce), Pilate was exposed to sharper criticism from certain Jews, who may have capitalized on his vulnerability to obtain a legal death sentence on Jesus (John 19:12). Gerizim. Pontius Pilate has been enshrined forever in the cowards' Hall of Shame. According to one prominent post-war theory, Pilate's treatment of the Jews was motivated by antisemitism, but most modern historians do not believe this theory.[10]. . 1. They all had particular interests in Christ's position before the people at that time. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Philo is hostile, Josephus mostly neutral, and the Gospels "comparatively friendly. [270], Only one film has been made entirely in Pilate's perspective, the 1962 French-Italian Ponzio Pilato, where Pilate was played by Jean Marais. Others argue that Pilate's duty was not so much to uphold justice as it was to promote peace and Roman interests. . Due to the Gospels' portrayal of Pilate as reluctant to execute Jesus, the Ethiopian Church believes that Pilate became a Christian and venerates him as both a martyr and a saint, a belief which is historically shared by the Coptic Church. Sources on Pontius Pilate are limited, although modern scholars know more about him than about other Roman governors of Judaea. The Christian Gospels record that Pilate ordered the crucifixion of Jesus at some point during his time in office; Josephus and the Roman historian Tacitus also record this information. Modern authors who feature Pilate prominently in their works include Anatole France, Mikhail Bulgakov, and Chingiz Aitmatov, with a majority of modern treatments of Pilate dating to after the Second World War. [42], Pilate was subordinate to the legate of Syria; however, for the first six years in which he held office, Syria's legate Lucius Aelius Lamia was absent from the region, something which Helen Bond believes may have presented difficulties to Pilate. Another tradition states that Pontius Pilate was born in Germany and was a bastard son of Tyrus, king of Mayence. As a result, pressure was applied by the Jewish Sanhedrin (Luke 23:2-7) upon Pilate. [249] The Mystre de la Passion d'Angers by Jean Michel includes legendary scenes of Pilate's life before the passion. Tertullian, the late, great 2nd-century Christian theologian and apologist was convinced of this as was the 4th century Saint . [31] Like other Roman governors of Judaea, Pilate made his primary residence in Caesarea, going to Jerusalem mainly for major feasts in order to maintain order. [296] Carter notes this theory arose in the context of the aftermath of the Holocaust, that the evidence that Sejanus was anti-Semitic depends entirely on Philo, and that "[m]ost scholars have not been convinced that it is an accurate or a fair picture of Pilate."[297]. Dusenbury examines the fact of Jesus's trial and Pilate's judgment of him, as well as its interpretation by different thinkers. [255] Among other topics, the two anachronistically discuss the meaning of the last judgment and the second coming; Pilate fails to comprehend Jesus's teachings and is complacent as he sends him to his death. [232] Pilate goes on to play an important role in the increasingly long and elaborate passion plays performed in the German-speaking countries and in France. King Herod hears of this accomplishment and asks him to come to Palestine to aid his rule there; Pilate comes but soon usurps Herod's power. He is happy to be back in Italy after a long exile, spent mainly in a remote province of the Empire. [102][103] Pilate's supposed suicide is also left unmentioned in Josephus, Philo, and Tacitus. Please select which sections you would like to print: Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [257] Because he betrayed his desire to follow his morality and free Jesus, Pilate must suffer for eternity. [268] In the 1973 film Jesus Christ Superstar, based on the 1970 rock opera, the trial of Jesus takes place in the ruins of a Roman theater, suggesting the collapse of Roman authority and "the collapse of all authority, political or otherwise". 15:6-15; Lk. Because of this subject matter, the Master has been attacked for "Pilatism" by the Soviet literary establishment. [294] Helen Bond argues that "[g]iven the history of pagan designs throughout Judaean coinage, particularly from Herod and Gratus, Pilate's coins do not seem to be deliberately offensive,"[295] and that the coins offer little evidence of any connection between Pilate and Sejanus. [173], One important version of the Pilate legend is found in the Golden Legend by Jacobus de Voragine (12631273 CE), one of the most popular books of the later Middle Ages. So Pilate, when he had tarried ten years in Judea, made haste to Rome, and this in obedience to the orders of Vitellius, which he dare not contradict; but before he could get to Rome, Tiberius was dead.[10]. He and his wife are venerated in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church; their feast day is June 25. [168] This connection to Mount Pilatus is attested from 1273 CE onwards, while Lake Lucerne has been called "Pilatus-See" (Pilate Lake) beginning in the fourteenth century. Like the exercise. [97] J. P. Lmonon argues that the fact that Pilate was not reinstated by Caligula does not mean that his trial went badly, but may simply have been because after ten years in the position it was time for him to take a new posting. [195] Pilate also comes to feature in scenes such as the Flagellation of Christ, where he is not mentioned in the Bible. [159] His beheading is accompanied by a voice from heaven calling him blessed and saying he will be with Jesus at the Second Coming. [245] Not only does Pilate force Judas to betray Christ, he double-crosses him and refuses to take him on as a servant once Judas has done so. [182] In a legend from medieval Rus', Pilate attempts to save Saint Stephen from being executed; Pilate, his wife and children have themselves baptized and bury Stephen in a gilded silver coffin. "), John 19:14 (Ecce rex vester, "Behold your king! [118] The coins belong to a type called a "perutah", measured between 13.5 and 17mm, were minted in Jerusalem,[119] and are fairly crudely made. This resulted in a crowd of Jews surrounding Pilate's house in Caesarea for five days. At some point in 36 AD, a group of Samaritans from Samaria, who were followers of another messiah there, most likely called Dositheos, had begun excavating Mount Gerizim in the belief that they would find riches and artifacts there associated with the Hebrew prophet Moses. [43] He seems to have been free to govern the province as he wished, with intervention by the legate of Syria only coming at the end of his tenure, after the appointment of Lucius Vitellius to the post in 35. [34] Daniel R. Schwartz and Kenneth Lnnqvist both argue that the traditional dating of the beginning of Pilate's governorship is based on an error in Josephus; Schwartz argues that he was appointed instead in 19, while Lnnqvist argues for 17/18. Flavius Josephus. Antipas was allotted Galilee and Peraea whilst Philip was . Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [115] The inscription read as follows: The only clear items of text are the names "Pilate" and the title quattuorvir ("IIII VIR"), a type of local city official responsible for conducting a census every five years. Eugene Norris asks our panel of pastors, What Happened to Pontius Pilate? The story about the Procurator of Judea has two characters: Aelius Lamia, a Roman patrician, and Pontius Pilate. (That his title was prefect is confirmed by an inscription from Caesarea in ancient Palestine.). According to some, Pilate killed himself while in exile to Gallia. [117][116] MacAdam argues that "[i]t is far easier to believe that this very fragmentary inscription prompted the legend of Pontius Pilate's association with the Italian village of Ameria [] than it is to posit someone forging the inscription two centuries agoquite creatively, it would seemto provide substance for the legend. [99], The church historian Eusebius (Church History 2.7.1), writing in the early fourth century, claims that "tradition relates that" Pilate committed suicide after he was recalled to Rome due to the disgrace he was in. "[289] However, Paul Maier argues that Pilate's long term as governor of Judaea indicates he must have been a reasonably competent administrator,[290] while Henry MacAdam argues that "[a]mong the Judaean governors prior to the Jewish War, Pilate must be ranked as more capable than most. The body is first thrown in the Tiber, but because it causes storms it is then moved to Vienne, and then thrown in a lake in the high Alps. The novel centers on an extended dialogue between Pilate and Jesus witnessed in a vision by the narrator Avdii Kallistratov, a former seminarian. [271] Speaking of Dennen's portrayal in the trial scene, McDonough describes him as a "cornered animal. For he was a doer of surprising feats a teacher of such men as receive the truth with pleasure. [72][90] Warren Carter argues that Pilate is portrayed as skillful, competent, and manipulative of the crowd in Mark, Matthew, and John, only finding Jesus innocent and executing him under pressure in Luke. After Jesus heals Pilate's wife of a fatal illness, the Jews bribe Pilate with 30 talents to crucify Jesus. McClintock and Strong. He washed his hands: "When Pilate saw that he could not prevail at all, but rather that a tumult was rising, he took water and washed his hands before the multitude, saying, "I am innocent of the blood of this just Person. [192] From the eleventh century onward, Pilate is frequently represented as a Jewish king, wearing a beard and a Jewish hat. He is best known for being the official who presided over the trial of Jesus and ultimately ordered his crucifixion. Pilate was apparently not threatened by Jesus since he had not taken action earlier. The king reads in the stars that he will bear a son who will rule over many lands, so he has a miller's daughter named Pila brought to him whom he impregnates; Pilate's name thus results from the combination of the names Pila with Atus. But the Jewish leaders did care. Pilate then summoned them to an arena, where the Roman soldiers drew their swords. [137] The earliest attestation of a positive tradition about Pilate comes from the late first-, early second-century Christian author Tertullian, who, claiming to have seen Pilate's report to Tiberius, states Pilate had "become already a Christian in his conscience. 27:15-26; Mk. This reference has been variously interpreted as referring to one of the incidents recorded by Josephus, or to an entirely unknown incident. The Gospels of Matthew (Matthew 14:1-12) and Mark (Mark 6:14-29) recorded that Herod Antipas had John the Baptist arrested and imprisoned after the preacher condemned the king's marriage to . [210] The actor who portrayed Pilate in the English plays would typically speak loudly and authoritatively, a fact which was parodied in Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. So Pontius may have come from Pontus, an ancient land in Northeast Asia Minor (present-day Turkey). [148] One version claims to have been discovered and translated by a Jewish convert named Ananias, portraying itself as the official Jewish records of the crucifixion. According to some traditions, the Roman emperor Caligula ordered Pontius Pilate to death by execution or suicide. Pontius Pilate was born somewhere, although we don't know where.According to one account, he was a member of the Pontii tribe as well as a member of the Samnite royalty.The Samnites were a people that resided in Italy's southern area.Alternatively, it is said that Pontius Pilate was born in Germany and was the bastard son of Tyrus, the King . According to some, Pilate killed himself while in exile to Gallia. What Happened to Pontius Pilate after Jesus? However, trouble followed as indicated in Josephus following statement, But when this tumult was appeased, the Samaritan senate sent an embassy to Vitellius, a man that had been consul, and who was now president of Syria, and accused Pilate of the murder of those that were killed . [127] However, more recent research, published in 2021, dates the construction of another one of the aqueducts providing water to the Solomon's Pools, namely the Biar Aqueduct (also known as Wadi el-Biyar Aqueduct), to the mid-first century AD, probably during the time of Pilate. [286], The Gospels' deflection of responsibility for Jesus's crucifixion from Pilate to the Jews has been blamed for fomenting antisemitism from the Middle Ages through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. He convicted Jesus of treason and declared that Jesus thought himself King of the Jews, and had Jesus crucified. But here's the thing: Pontius Pilate was a light-weight. He connects this change to increased "anti-Judaism. [214] Images of Pilate were printed in the Biblia pauperum ("Bibles of the Poor"), picture bibles focusing on the life of Christ, as well as the Speculum Humanae Salvationis ("Mirror of Human Salvation"), which continued to be printed into the sixteenth century. [252], Pilate makes a brief appearance in the preface to George Bernard Shaw's 1933 play On the Rocks where he argues against Jesus about the dangers of revolution and of new ideas. What sort of a ruler was he generally? [206] Colum Hourihane argues that all of these plays supported antisemitic tropes and were written at times when persecution of Jews on the continent were high. [116] The inscription was formerly found outside the church of St. Secundus, where it had been copied from a presumed original. [251], John Masefield's play in verse, Good Friday was written in 1916. [118], E. Stauffer and E. M. Smallwood argued that the coins' use of pagan symbols was deliberately meant to offend the Jews and connected changes in their design to the fall of the powerful Praetorian prefect Sejanus in 31. Pilate dies seven months later. Despite their different cultures and positions, love blossoms despite themselves. Pilate, PONTIUS.After the deposition of the eldest son of Herod, Archelaus (who had succeeded his father as ethnarch), Judea was placed under the rule of a Roman procurator. Pontius Pilate is one of the exceptions. [111] G. Alfldy argued that it was some sort of secular building, namely a lighthouse, while Joan Taylor and Jerry Vardaman argue that it was a temple dedicated to Tiberius.[112][113]. [201] Pilate also comes to be frequently depicted as present at the crucifixion, by the fifteenth century being a standard element of crucifixion artwork. [175], Several places in Western Europe have traditions associated with Pilate. 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